Respiratory Rate (RR)

Respiratory Rate (RR)

For First Aid and First Responders

ภาษาไทย မြန်မာဘာသာစကားအတွက် ဤနေရာကိုနှိပ်ပါ။

The number breaths taken in 1 minute. We measure this by observing the patient’s breathing. Several common ways to observe breaths include watching the chest or stomach expand with inhalation, listening to breaths, seeing condensation blown onto the patient’s oxygen mask, or feeling the chest expand. Observing an honest respiratory rate can be tricky as patients will adjust their breathing if they know we are watching. I often pretend to feel the radial pulse while actually observing the patient’s breaths. Another method for distraction to pretend to be focused on the automatic BP cuff while counting breaths.

EMT watching a patient breath

We count breaths for either 30 or 60 seconds. If 60 seconds we have a count of the actual respiratory rate. If 30 seconds we need to multiply our count by 2 to get the respiratory rate. For example;

If we count 8 breaths in 30 seconds, the respiratory rate is 16 (8 x 2 = 16).

An emergency technique we sometimes use in regent cases is to measure the seconds between breaths and divide 60 by the number seconds. With this method we need to choose a specific indicator of inhale or exhale to watch and measure the seconds between. Once the patient is stabilized a more thorough measurement should be taken. Example;

Observing the skin pulling at the neck for inhalation, measure 3 seconds before the skin pulls again, and the respiratory rate is 20 (60 ÷ 3 = 20).

Common ranges for respiratory rate should be;

Ages GroupAges Range in YearsBreaths / Minute
Infant 0-1 30-53
Toddlers 1-322-37
Children3-1218-28
Adolescents
and Adults
12-above12-20

Note that a patient can have difficulty breathing even if their rate is within a normal range. Generally, in adults any respiratory rate between 24 and 10 is considered ‘Ok’. Assess the patient as a whole, not just a single number.

Thank you to Pitakkarn Rescue and Dr. Kay for help with the photographs, Dr. Kay for help with the Burmese translation, and K. Mink for help with the Thai translation. Being a hero usually takes teamwork.

References

Cleveland Clinic. (2023, March 15). Vital Signs. Retrieved from Cleveland Clinic: my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10881-vital-signs

Limmer, D. O. (2007). Emergency Care 10th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

McEvoy, D., and Harper, T. (2024). Wilderness Medicine, 15th ed. . Missoula, Montana: Aerie Backcountry Medicine.

McNamara, E. C. (2020). Outdoor Emergency Care: A Patroller’s Guide to Medical Care (6th Edition). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Sapra A, M. A. (2023, May 1). Vital Sign Assessment. StatPearls.

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